Icyuma ni kimwe mu byiciro byinshi byakoreshejwe mu mateka y'abantu, kandi ibyifuzo byayo biva mubikoresho bya kera kubikoresho byubwubatsi bugezweho. Mumpapuro zayo zoroshye kandi zimenyerewe ni imisumari y'icyuma, yakoreshejwe mumyaka ibihumbi kugirango yinjire mu giti, ibyuma, n'ibindi bikoresho. Ikibazo gisanzwe kivuka muburezi bwa siyanse nibiganiro bifatika ni ukumenya niba imisumari y'icyuma ari fe²⁺ (Ferrous) cyangwa fe³⁺ (Ferric) muri kamere yabo. Kugira ngo dusubize ibi, dukeneye kumva itandukaniro riri hagati yicyuma, ibimama bivuga, nuburyo icyuma cyitwaye mubidukikije.
Icyuma nk'icyuma (FE⁰)
Iyo tuvuze imisumari y'icyuma muburyo bwumwimerere, igizwe nicyuma, cyanditse imbonankubone nka fe⁰. Muri iyi leta, atome yicyuma ntabwo ari ion (ntabwo yazimiye cyangwa yabonye electron). Ahubwo, babaho mumiterere ya Latlallic Niyo mpamvu icyuma icyuma gikora amashanyarazi, kirakabije, kandi gishobora gufatwa mumisumari, ibiti, cyangwa impapuro.
Noneho, kuvuga cyane, umusumari mushya wicyuma ntabwo ari fe²⁺ cyangwa fe³⁺ - ni fe⁰.
Bigenda bite iyo imisumari y'icyuma ingese?
Mugihe imisumari yicyuma-yicyuma ni fre⁰, ni gake igumaho igihe kirekire. Icyuma kirakora kandi, iyo gihuye nubushuhe na ogisijeni, bigendanwa ku gakoro, bikora ibyuma byicyuma - bikunze kwitwa ingese.
FE²⁺ (Ferrous Ion): Iyo atome yicyuma itakaza electron ebyiri, bahinduka fe²⁺. Ibi mubisanzwe bibaho mubyiciro byambere byimbuto cyangwa iyo icyuma bishonga mubisubizo bya acide. Ibice nka feo (icyuma (ii) oxide) irimo icyuma cya ferrous.
Fe³⁺ (Ferric Ion): Iyo icyuma gitakaza electron eshatu, ihinduka fe³⁺. Ibi birasanzwe mubice byinshi bya okiside, nka fe₂o₃ (icyuma (iii) oxide). Feric ons akenshi ifitanye isano nibara ritukura-ryijimye ryingese.
Ingese ntabwo ari imwe, gusa ivanze ariko ahubwo uruvange rwa FE²⁺ na Fe³⁺ oxide na hydroxides, akenshi bahagarariye nk'icyuma (III).
Ibi bivuze ko mugihe ihungabana ryicyuma, Fe²⁺ na Fe³⁺ birashobora kuba uhari, bitewe nibidukikije hamwe nicyiciro cya okiside.
Fe² na FE³: Itandukaniro rya chimical
Itandukaniro riri hagati ya Fe²⁺ na FE³⁺ ibinyoma muri etasrot zabo hamwe nimyitwarire yimiti:
Fe²⁺ (ferrous)
Yatakaye electron ebyiri
Binini cyane Ionic radiyo
Birenzeho muri Oxygen-ibidukikije
Kuboneka mubijyanye na feo, Feso₄
Fe³⁺ (ferric)
Yabuze electron eshatu
Imbaraga zikomeye
Birenzeho muri ogisijeni
Iboneka mubice nka fe₂o₃, fecl₃
Kubera ko imisumari ihura nindege (uhashya-ogisijeni) kandi akenshi ihebuje, akenshi feso ibice byiganjemo ingeri igihe, bikamuha umutuku ukura.
Ingaruka zifatika
Mubwubatsi: mugihe uhitamo imisumari yo hanze cyangwa imiterere, ruswa ni ikintu gikomeye. Abakora bakunze gukopera imisumari yicyuma hamwe na zinc (galvanisation) cyangwa ibindi bice birinda kugirango birinde ingera, kuko byombi fe²⁺ na fe³⁺ gushiraho bigabanya umusuke.
Muri chimie Uburezi: Abanyeshuri bakunze kwitiranya ibibi bya okiside. Umusumari ubwayo ni Fe⁰, ariko rimwe na rimwe yashyizwe ahagaragara ibidukikije, ahindura muri Fe²⁺ na Fe³⁺ ibice.
Mu nganda: Gusobanukirwa niba icyuma kiri muri Fe²⁺ cyangwa Fe³⁺ ni ngombwa mu nzira nko kuvura amazi, metallurgie, na bateri, kubera ko ions yatunze imizi itandukanye.
Umwanzuro
None, ni imisumari y'icyuma fe² cyangwa fe³? Igisubizo ntabwo ari - byibuze ntabwo ubanza. Umusumari utanduye ukozwe mucyuma, Fe⁰. Ariko, iyo bimaze kubyitwaramo ogisijeni nubushuhe, bitangira kwa corode. Mubyiciro byambere, Fe²⁺ (Felle (Ferros) Ifishi, kandi nkuko okiside ikomeje, fe³⁺ (Ferric (Ferric) Ion ihinduka itezimbere, biganisha ku gushinga ingendo. Mubihe byisi, imisumari ihungabana akenshi imvange ya FE²⁺ na Fe³⁺ ibice.
Muri make: Imisumari y'icyuma itangira nka FE⁰, ariko ibyuma bishingiye ku bidukikije bibahindura muri Fe²⁺ na Fe³⁺ ibice mugihe runaka.
Igihe cyohereza: 09-13-2025
